doi:10.1124/jpet.119.263202, Lu, Y., Lian, S., Ye, Y., Yu, T., Liang, H., Cheng, Y., et al. doi:10.1126/science.1694043, Nagi, R. S., Bhat, A. S., and Kumar, H. (2014). Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Health Science Centre, Peking University, China, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, China. TCM treatment toward cancer has a long history, and the diagnosis and treatment of tumors were discussed in the ancient and classical literatures of Chinese medicine, such as the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. Title: Microsoft Word - Document1 Author: lalexander Created Date: 5/21/2009 9:38:54 AM Relationship between san-huang-xie-xin-tang and its herbal components on the gene expression profiles in HepG2 cells. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.019, Lee, Y. R., and Chen, M. (2019). (2006). (2016). Why Chinese medicine is heading for clinics around the world. Stem Cells. Liu SH, Chen PS, Huang CC, Hung YT, Lee MY, Lin WH, Lin YC, Lee AY. Simultaneous paclitaxel and radiotherapy: initial clinical experience in lung cancer and other malignancies. (2008). Cartilage from cows (bovine cartilage) and sharks has been studied as a treatment for cancer and other medical conditions for more than 30 years. Alternat. Research undertaken by Lescarden has shown very positive results in the treatment of inflammatory joint disease in animals as well as arthritis in humans. Cell Death Dis. 19 (1), 86. doi:10.1155/2019/9860381, Zhuang, X., Zhang, H., and Hu, G. (2019). (2013). 9 (2), 115. doi:10.1038/s41419-017-0061-0, Sennino, B., and McDonald, D. M. (2012). The results of Dr. Prudden's case study in cartilage therapy as a cancer treatment prompted further study of the immunoregulatory affect that bovine tracheal cartilage preparations have on a body. Stromal directives can control cancer. modify the keyword list to augment your search. Romano CF, Lipton A, Harvey HA, Simmonds MA, Romano PJ, Imboden SL. Our ancestral bodies are lacking the whole-food information required to support our immune systems to heal our bodies. It is used to prevent and treat cancer and treat HIV/AIDS; it may be administered via oral and parenteral routes. Hypnotic effect of jujubosides from semen ziziphi spinosae. Alternat. FOIA The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Bovine Tracheal Cartilage Decades of research by John Prudden, MD, provides fascinating evidence about the efficacy of bovine tracheal cartilage (BTC), much of which can be found in various postings around the internet. Cancer Discov. In the past, herbs were grown in the natural environment suitable for the species of herbs to obtain all the natural nutrients required to produce the therapeutic biologically active molecules. Metabolic disease is a complex cluster of metabolic imbalance, including typically obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, at increase risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.045, Zhou, J. Y., Chen, M., Wu, C. E., Zhuang, Y. W., Chen, Y. G., and Liu, S. L. (2019). 7 (6), 248253. 2021 Jan 15;11:601785. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601785. Z., Tang, Y. P., and Liu, Y. W. (2013). doi:10.1038/448126a, Rankin, L. C., and Artis, D. (2018). Fibrocartilage is a tougher cartilage type that characterizes intervertebral disks and places where ligaments and tendons connect to bone. Systematic understanding of mechanisms of a chinese herbal formula in treatment of metabolic syndrome by an integrated pharmacology approach. Nat. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.013, Rapisarda, A., and Melillo, G. (2012). For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. The current status of cancer chemotherapy for selected human neoplasms. Understanding the intersections between metabolism and cancer biology. Nature 541 (7637), 321330. Cell 173 (3), 554567. Complement. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2705, Cyranoski, D. (2018). Its more important than ever to make sure your body has the building blocks required to run the chemistry of life. S-HL, P-SC, and AY-LL conceived the project. (2019). (2020). Early studies used extracts of bovine cartilage. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.64, Rubartelli, A., and Lotze, M. T. (2007). Consistent with these findings, the metabolic rewiring of immune cells in the TME might enhance antitumor immunity (Li et al., 2019). A branded . doi:10.1038/nature25501, McGranahan, N., and Swanton, C. (2017). Throughout the course of treatment there were no toxicities to report. Based on the results of recent studies on cruciferous vegetables, their functions are attributed to a substance called sulforaphane (SFN). 8 (3), 304319. Structurally, it is the glue that holds us together; extra-cellular matrix, joint tissues and cartilage.1 Functionally, the amount of collagen in a body appears to be positively correlated with health. The .gov means its official. l), S41S47. Disclaimer. Int. Identification of an inhibitor of neovascularization from cartilage. 11:601785. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601785. Sci. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 14, e10. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal One complete response was seen in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the lungs. The treatment of human cancer with agents prepared from bovine cartilage. Cell Metabol 29 (1), 211220.e215. 113 (3), 41, Willyard, C. (2016). The scientific community clearly showed that the emergence of immunotherapy is an inevitable outcome of a holistic approach for cancer treatment. Cancer Res. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.020, Luo, M., Shang, L., Brooks, M. D., Jiagge, E., Zhu, Y., Buschhaus, J. M., et al. Accessibility Bookshelf MeSH Therefore, a strategy of reducing inflammation and increasing immunity enhances the synergistic effect on the combination immunotherapy (Chen and Mellman, 2017). Results indicated Dr. Prudden that cartilage contains a repair stimulating factor, that this factor would be water soluble, and that it could potentially be fractionated to create a more potent treatment.24, In his pursuit to advance cartilage therapy, Dr. Prudden developed techniques to process whole bovine tracheal cartilage into both oral supplements and injection therapies, ultimately testing these therapies in human subjects.25 26 27 28 29. 6, 233. doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00233, Tamada, S., Ebisu, K., Yasuda, S., Kato, M., Ninomiya, N., Yamasaki, T., et al. The life's work of Dr. John F. Prudden showed that bovine tracheal cartilage had unique and powerful effects on wound healing, autoimmune conditions, joint health and several other conditions considered to be treatment resistant to conventional therapies. Dr. Prudden was able to show that his bovine tracheal cartilage therapy stopped the growth of cancer with continuous supplementation. Navigating metabolic pathways to enhance antitumour immunity and immunotherapy. A phase II study of Catrix-S in solid tumors - PubMed Science 365 (6449), 122123. Bovine Cartilage - Behavioral Health Care, P.C. and transmitted securely. (2019). (2017). However, sometime it is hard to give an explanation that why different diseases are treated with the same prescription ( in Mandarin/Chinese), and the same disease is treated with different prescriptions ( in Mandarin/Chinese). (2016). Shark cartilage should not be confused with bovine cartilage. The complexity of fungal -glucan in health and disease: effects on the mononuclear phagocyte system. Modulation of oxidative stress and redox signaling is critical to regulate the equilibrium of cancer stem cell state and metastasis (Luo et al., 2018). Catrix-S is an acidic mucopolysaccharide complex derived from bovine tracheal cartilage. 40 (11), 17971810. The treatment of human cancer with agents prepared from (2015a). Green and blue circle cells represent infiltrated immune cells, T lymphocyte, neutrophil, and macrophage. Support Center Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Science 364 (6441), eaau0159. Invest. Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. In vitro studies suggest that bovine cartilage may have antitumor and immunoregulatory effects. U.S.A. 109 (43), 1756117566. Nature 420 (6917), 860867. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.529982, Fukumura, D., Kloepper, J., Amoozgar, Z., Duda, D. G., and Jain, R. K. (2018). Six strategies for cancer therapy by TCM. Accordingly, in recent years, researchers were starting to study TCM using the approach of system biology. Defining the role of the tumor vasculature in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Inhibition of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 confers to tumor suppression by a herbal formulation Huanglian-Jiedu decoction in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Studied in clinical trials for over 20 years, Bio-Cartilage is also backed by more than 30 years of laboratory research conducted by the Lescarden research team. Biomed. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215397109, Ito, H. (2011). In addition, physicians cannot always explain why the TCM treatment is effective and the mechanism of action cannot be explained in scientific terms. Subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon alfa administration in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results of SCAPP III, a large, multicenter, phase II, nonrandomized study with sequential analysis design--the Subcutaneous Administration Propeukin Program Cooperative Group. Overview of Ganoderma sinense polysaccharide-an adjunctive drug used during concurrent chemo/radiation therapy for cancer treatment in china. This protein release indicates that while pain symptoms indicate articular issues, nonarticular cartilage is also compromised.13 All cartilage in the body is recognized as cartilage by the body despite its location and discrete function. Therapeutic potential of various beta-glucan sources in conjunction with anti-tumor monoclonal antibody in cancer therapy. 452, 1422. 72 (1), 2833. Expet Rev. This material was administered by weekly subcutaneous injection (5.0-7.5 g/week) to nine patients with progressive metastatic malignancy. Synthesis of peptides of Carapax Trionycis and their inhibitory effects on TGF-1-induced hepatic stellate cells. Cancer is a complex and confusing disease. Controlling escape from angiogenesis inhibitors. Nat. Its active ingredients interfere with TGF-1 signaling by decreasing Smad three phosphorylation in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which are the main ECM-producing cells (Hu et al., 2013). Med. The multifaceted role of Nrf2 in mitochondrial function. Nat. Accessibility FIGURE 1. For more info, contact us at our brand new NY Hells Kitchen clinic at +1 646 647 9163 (dial or text). Bovine Tracheal Cartilage - Alternative therapies - Inspire 258, 3542. For instance, variations in the tumor microenvironment (TME), the changes in tumor metabolism, and the development of immunoescape in TME have become unsolved topics that impede us to deal with caancer (Vander Heiden and DeBerardinis, 2017; Jimnez-Snchez et al., 2017; Zhuang et al., 2019). The human tumor clonogenic assay as a model system in cell biology. 2004 Jun;63(6):1061-5. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.01.035. This wide range of Catrix efficacy now invites investigation by others to confirm the effectiveness of the material and to isolate the molecular entities responsible for these unexpectedly favorable results. This merits further investigation. 4, 143144, Prudden, J. F. (1985). However, if the treatment was not effective, TCM would have been eliminated long ago, yet it has survived and enjoyed a revival in the global integrated health system. and transmitted securely. Cell-of-Origin patterns dominate the molecular classification of 10,000 tumors from 33 types of cancer. (2016b). Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. J. Ethnopharmacol. Pheophorbide a, a major antitumor component purified from scutellaria barbata, induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12270, Liu, T., Zhu, G., Yan, W., Lv, Y., Wang, X., Jin, G., et al. Antitumor activity of bovine cartilage extract (Catrix-S For example, the famous prescription of Xiao-Chai-Hu decoction () contains three strategies mentioned in the formulation for cancer treatment, including FuZhengQuXie, QingReJieDu, and HuaTanQuShi strategy. Rep. 7 (1), 1210. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01264-8, Kohen, R., and Nyska, A. (2018). Since cartilage is a body tissue in which no blood vessels are present, researchers guessed that certain molecules isolated from shark cartilage could inhibit the growth of blood vessels. Purple cells represent stromal cells and ECM. (2018). Small studies showed that bovine cartilage may have anticancer effects but larger studies have not been conducted. For instance, depression is associated with higher risk of mortality for patients with cancer (Pinquart and Duberstein, 2010; Lin et al., 2018). (2002). Nat. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079201, Cheng, W. Y., Wu, S. L., Hsiang, C. Y., Li, C. C., Lai, T. Y., Lo, H. Y., et al. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.025, Wang, N., Tan, H. Y., Li, L., Yuen, M. F., and Feng, Y. Accessibility to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without Bovine Cartilage: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Beta-glucan enhances complement-mediated hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow injury. J. Pharmacol 818, 158166. This caused interest in cartilage as a possible treatment for cancer. Mol. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.052, Keywords: traditional Chinese medicine, cancer treatment, holistic approach, tumor microenvironment, cancer immunotherapy, Citation: Liu S-H, Chen P-S, Huang C-C, Hung Y-T, Lee M-Y, Lin W-H, Lin Y-C and Lee AY-L (2021) Unlocking the Mystery of the Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Medicine on Cancer. (2018). Spirit-quieting traditional Chinese medicine may improve survival in prostate cancer patients with depression. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! J. Ethnopharmacol 105 (1-2), 6975. J Biol Response Mod. He followed his patients for a decade or more, ultimately observing a 90% response rate with 61% complete response (the absence of detectable cancer). (2016a). Cancer Discov. TCM treatment toward cancer has a long history, and the diagnosis and treatment of tumors were discussed in the ancient and classical literatures of Chinese medicine, such as the Yellow Emperors Inner Canon. 13, 132. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-13-132, Yin, C. F., Kao, S. C., Hsu, C. L., Chang, Y. W., Cheung, C. H. Y., Huang, H. C., et al. An official website of the United States government. Nat. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. (1964). doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.006, Magnon, C., Hall, S. J., Lin, J., Xue, X., Gerber, L., Freedland, S. J., et al. TCM prescriptions containing pharmacological effects of components have an effect on cancers through anti-angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and anti-thrombosis, and invigorating blood circulation. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.010, Mitroulis, I., Ruppova, K., Wang, B., Chen, L. S., Grzybek, M., Grinenko, T., et al. Careers. (2013). (2018). Red line represents blood vessels. Researchers have discovered that cartilage has demonstrated a stimulating effect on the immune system, displays anti-mitotic activity (inhibits the process by which cells divide and multiply) and an anti-angiogenic effect (prevents the growth of new blood vessels) cutting off the blood supply tumors need to grow. Cell 170 (5), 927938.e920. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0284, Pinquart, M., and Duberstein, P. R. (2010). The protocol that he tested was an initial subcutaneous injection of ~2000 ml over several visits and then continuous therapy of ~9 grams/day of bovine tracheal cartilage orally, although, when you read through the case histories you will note the dosage varied from case to case. (2014). The first principle is the FuZhengQuXie method ( in Mandarin/Chinese), which is literally translated to strengthening the resistance of the body (vital qi) and supporting healthy energy to eliminate pathogenic factors (expel the evil). CS was extracted from cartilages using 0.25% papain digestion, dialyzed, precipitated with 10% TCA and finally lyophilized to dry powder. Med. Does Bovine tracheal cartilage help against cancer? Kamikihito improves cancer-related fatigue by restoring balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. National Library of Medicine Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.018, Metidji, A., Omenetti, S., Crotta, S., Li, Y., Nye, E., Ross, E., et al. Oncol. It can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, swelling, local redness, and itching.. Evid. Publ. In addition, a previous report indicated that Huanglian Jiedu decoction targets eukaryotic elongation factor 2 to attenuate cancer progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (Wang et al., 2015b). The hypoxic and acidic TME that facilitates the genetic and epigenetic alterations that enhance their inflammation and aggressiveness (Schaaf et al., 2018). Res. Chondrocytes are essentially trapped in the ECM where they work locally to repair and maintain it. Targeting VEGF/VEGFRs pathway in the antiangiogenic treatment of human cancers by traditional Chinese medicine. doi:10.5582/ddt.2013.v7.6.248, Hu, Z., You, P., Xiong, S., Gao, J., Tang, Y., Ye, X., et al. Cancer Ther. Berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma as potential anticancer agents: recent updates and future perspectives. doi:10.1021/jf103581r, Liu, J., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Fan, H. T., and Lin, H. S. (2015). It is well established that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilizes the principle of homeostasis and balance to adjust the healthy status of body. An official website of the United States government. The authors are grateful to Miss Ingrid Kuo for creating the illustrations used in the manuscript. (2019). doi:10.1055/s-0030-1270749, Jain, R. K. (2014). Front. Inflammation and cancer. Anticancer effects of traditional Chinese herbs with phlegm-eliminating properties - an overview. (2020). Carapax trionycis (Biejia), a traditional Chinese medicine originating from the shell of Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann, was also used as a candidate treatment for liver fibrosis. The formula named SanHuangXieXin decoction is made up of three herbs, which are Coptis chinensis Franch, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Rheum palmatum L. Both decoctions are comprised of Coptidis chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis. A novel Danshensu/tetramethylpyrazine derivative induces vasorelaxation on rat aorta and exerts cardioprotection in dogs. (2018). It reflects the wide-ranging impact of TCM on a global scale (Cyranoski, 2018). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Arthritis . Bovine Cartilage, Coenzyme Q10, and Wheat Grass Therapy - ResearchGate Cartilage. In vivo (mice) and in vitro experiments using both aqueous extracts of digested bovine trachea and cartilage powder result in enhanced antibody . Before Loss of p53 drives neuron reprogramming in head and neck cancer. (2015c). Journal of Immunotherapy4(6):551-584, December 1985. Macrophage targeting: opening new possibilities for cancer immunotherapy. thyroid, and an inoperable squamous cancer of the nose. 13 (3), 100738. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0367, Amit, M., Takahashi, H., Dragomir, M. P., Lindemann, A., Gleber-Netto, F. O., Pickering, C. R., et al. Grassfed Trachea is a whole food and dietary supplement that provides 100% pure bovine tracheal cartilage containing immunoregulars, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, chondroitin sulfates and type II collagen with the most nourishing super food in existance liver. doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.08.004, Saltiel, A. R., and Olefsky, J. M. (2017). Ther. J. Ethnopharmacol 176, 3548. Bovine cartilage supplements are derived from the wind-pipes of cows, while the cartilage from the heads and fins of sharks is used for shark supplements. J. Surg. Based on this information, variations in the effectiveness of herbs from different origins and pharmaceutical companies have been observed. Sci. We want to hear from you. There is no clinical evidence to support the use of bovine cartilage for the treatment of cancer or HIV. Cartilage Therapy | Enviromedica Other types which were treated with success included cancers of the ovary, rectum, prostate, cervix, thyroid, and an inoperable squamous cancer of the nose. Pharmaceut. huizao: insights into their chemical characteristics and modes of action. Suggested Products. The QingReJieDu method is one of cancer treatment principles in TCM that balances oxidative stress and detoxification, including the regulation of energy metabolism and reduction in the levels of harmful metabolites. Importantly, these patients had already attempted conventional therapies with no success. A change of strategy in the war on cancer. How It Works Molecules 24 (12), 2231. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2014.09.001, Qiu, J. Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, The Treatment of Human Cancer with Agents Prepared from Bovine Cartilage, Articles in Google Scholar by John F. Prudden, Other articles in this journal by John F. Prudden, Privacy Policy (Updated December 15, 2022). doi:10.1111/imm.12976, Chan, J. Y., Tang, P. M., Hon, P. M., Au, S. W., Tsui, S. K., Waye, M. M., et al. 9 (7), 378390. The main pharmacological effects of WenDan decoction () and ErChen decoction () on cancer may consist in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolisms as well as immunomodulatory function (Chen et al., 2016a). Immun 30 (Suppl. Curr. 59 (1), 184192. With an impact factor of 4.110, JOI is a leading journal in the fields of immunology and oncology. The quest for modernisation of traditional Chinese medicine. Rev. your express consent. The main principle and philosophy of TCM is a holistic treatment, which is quite different from the Western medicine. To obtain an accurate prescription, Chinese medicine doctor may modify a traditional formulation by adding or subtracting herbs according to each individual patient. Its more important than ever to make sure your body has the building blocks required to run the chemistry of life. Bovine tracheal cartilage (BTC) Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers Tell your healthcare providers about any dietary supplements you're taking, such as herbs, vitamins, minerals, and natural or home remedies. (2017). Further studies are needed to determine whether the international understanding and acceptance of TCM will change the field of biomedicine (Qiu, 2007). doi:10.1038/d41586-018-06782-7, Domnguez-Andrs, J., Novakovic, B., Li, Y., Scicluna, B. P., Gresnigt, M. S., Arts, R. J. W., et al. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. (2006). (2002). (2017). J. Thankfully, you can benefit from the healing properties of cartilage in a number of ways. These responses were observed when full . Akamatsu K, Saito H, Tsunenari T, Matsumoto T, Morikawa K, Koizumi M, Mitsui H, Koizumi K. Anticancer Res. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.003, Driscoll, M., Hansen, R., Ding, C., Cramer, D. E., and Yan, J. Instead, the physician adjusted the medication and prescriptions according to different pathogenesis of patients, which can be considered as a kind of personalized medical treatment. J. Ethnopharmacol 172, 155161. 2021 Dec;13(2_suppl):559S-570S. Like psoriasis, cancer is characterized by the over proliferation of cells. Cancer therapy: an evolved approach. doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.77, Hoadley, K. A., Yau, C., Hinoue, T., Wolf, D. M., Lazar, A. J., Drill, E., et al. It was once believed that sharks, whose skeletons are made mostly from cartilage, do not develop cancer. Canc. Pharmacol. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 36 (4), 783797. J. Pharmacol. Relaxation effect of a novel Danshensu/tetramethylpyrazine derivative on rat mesenteric arteries. This caused interest in cartilage as a possible treatment for cancer. doi:10.1248/bpb.34.1377, Xu, Q., Bauer, R., Hendry, B. M., Fan, T. P., Zhao, Z., Duez, P., et al. (2017). Many studies have shown an association between psychological stress and cancer progression and metastasis (Powell et al., 2013; Shin et al., 2016). Catrix Bio-Cartilage 1977;(605):1-106. And without this perspective, we run the risk of trusting our modern food system to fulfill our biological needs, a system that is abundant in nutrient poor, novel foods that enable disease. Bovine cartilage comes from cows (bovine). (2020). In vitro efficacy has been demonstrated with high dose continuous exposure Catrix, particularly against the 8226 human myeloma cell line as well as ovarian, pancreatic, colon, testicular, and sarcoma biopsy specimens. My father has Pancreatic cancer and has recently been told by his doctors there is not much else they can do for him (the chemo hasn't been successful and it is too close to a major artery to be operated on). doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.015, Wei, S. C., Duffy, C. R., and Allison, J. P. (2018). 6) Reduction of psychological stress and relief of anxiety by TCM decoction. Pharmacother. 2015, 945901. doi:10.1155/2015/945901, Li, R. W., Yang, C., Shan, L., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Kwan, Y. W., et al.
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